DC Medical Malpractice & Patient Safety Blog

Once upon a time an adult physical exam routinely included urinalysis, blood tests, echocardiogram and many other screening tests, such as a bone-density scan. But a new study in the Archives of Internal Medicine adds to the growing body of evidence that many such tests are inappropriate, unnecessary and costly beyond their value.

The study, as described by Kaiser Health News, examined the cost of common primary care practices that had been declared overused by a group of physicians known as the Good Stewardship Working Group. It includes internists, family physicians and pediatricians who are part of the National Physicians Alliance, which advocates universal, affordable health care.
Among that group’s conclusions:

• blood and other diagnostic tests were often ordered even for patients who had no related symptoms or risk factors;


• imaging studies such as CT scans or MRIs for low back pain and Pap tests to screen for cervical cancer in teenagers were unnecessary;


• writing prescriptions for antibiotics for children with sore throats who didn't have a strep infection was unwise;


• recommending cough medicines for children with upper respiratory infections and ordering head imaging tests kids who had fallen but didn't exhibit symptoms such as dizziness or loss of consciousness were unnecessary.

The new study estimated that 12 of the unnecessary treatments and screenings cost $6.8 billion in 2009.

The activity most frequently performed without need was a complete blood cell count at a routine physical exam. In more than half of the surveyed routine physicals, doctors inappropriately ordered such tests that cost $32.7 million.

But the single costliest bad practice was prescribing brand-name statins before trying patients on a generic drug first – that accounts for $5.8 billion of the $6.8 billion total.

Study authors said their cost figures were conservative, given that they didn't factor the cost of follow-up tests or procedures prompted by an abnormal blood test reading result or imaging scan, even though in the absence of symptoms or risk factors the follow-up may be unnecessary and even cause harm.

Doctors order unnecessary and overpriced tests and drugs when there's no reason because it’s ingrained in their training, said one member of the Alliance, because some patients expect them and because doctors practice defensive medicine – you don’t get into legal trouble, goes that thinking, if you cover far more bases than you’ll ever need.

Those reasons are misguided on medical, legal and financial grounds.

The new study concludes that doctors alone can't rewrite these misdirections. Patients must inform themselves about when a test is indicated in order to be better medical consumers. And both doctors and patients must communicate. How often have you asked your doctor what the prescription he just prescribed will cost, and he says “I don’t know”?

If your doctor prescribes a test, make sure you know why, what side effects might result and how much it costs. If medication is prescribed, ask if there's a generic version and, if so, if it will suffice, and how much it costs.

Ignorance in standard medical care is not bliss. It's expensive.

As if the doctor-patient relationship isn't one-sided enough, the subservience patients often feel can be made even worse when you must wait way beyond the appointed time for your consultation.

For some patients, time is money, and for all patients whose doctors assume the doctor's time is more important than yours, extended waiting is disrespect. One study last year pegged the average wait time at doctors' offices in the United States at 24 minutes.

Everyone understands that medicine is fraught with emergency, and sometimes a physician simply must accommodate an unexpected patient. But some doctors are never on time; for them, running late is business as usual.

Others are told by superiors and insurance companies to book consultations at 15- or 20-minute intervals; if one patient has more than one problem, or a complication arises that requires 30 minutes' time, every patient after her will be seen late. So, does the doctor cut off the appointment in order to maintain the schedule, or does she meet the medical need at the risk of making everyone else late?

As doctors are increasingly besieged with paperwork demands and lower fees from Medicaid and Medicare, is it fair for patients to expect prompt service? Apart from making a scene, is there recourse when your 10 a.m. appointment begins just before lunch?

Some patients, according to several recent reports including one on CNN, are turning rude behavior into financial penalty. They're invoicing tardy physicians for time spent cooling their heels in the waiting or exam room. And physicians are paying.

Not too long ago, doctors would have scoffed at the idea of reimbursing patients for time spent waiting. But some told CNN they give patients money or a gift, sometimes even without being asked.

"I love this!" Dave deBronkart, co-chair of the Society for Participatory Medicine, told the network. "It's magnificent that some physicians are valuing patients' time. It's a commitment to designing a practice that truly serves patients."

Others ... not so much. One woman left her doctor's office at 8:40 when the gynecologist hadn't shown up for her 8:00 a.m. appointment. Encountering the doctor in the parking lot, the patient asked about the delay. "The doctor told me she had a little one and she was never in the office until ten to nine," she remembers. "I asked her why she scheduled appointments at 8 a.m., and she said to give the patients time to do paperwork. I was so mad I was shaking. I never went back to her."

DeBronkart blogged at E-Patient Dave when he waited 45 minutes for an X-ray. He told CNN that the head of the radiology practice later called and acknowledged the need to change how they scheduled patients.

Some physicians have seen the patient-waiting light, and are doing their best to ensure it isn't red. MedPage Today reported about one who offers Starbucks gift cards and text messages patients if he's running behind. Another, who practices boutique medicine, books only about 10 patients per day for at least 30 minutes each and charges a $125 annual fee per family for the convenience. If he is late, he pays $25.

The MedPage story makes clear that it's easier for some practices, such as surgery, to run more efficiently than a primary care office. Offices at greater risk of being late can address the problem and possibly mollify patients by:

• offering wireless Internet;


• ensuring good cell phone service, and providing space where waiting patients can talk privately;


• texting, emailing and/or calling patients if they're running late.

One patient who tries to turn waiting time into work time is concerned that if billing tardy doctors becomes fashionable they will start charging everyone more. They should focus on prevention, he says.

As a patient, you can minimize your likelihood of a shortened fuse from a longer wait by:

• scheduling your appointment at the beginning of the day or right after lunch;


• locating doctors with demonstrable on-time practices via an organization such as Ideal Medical Practice, which identifies superior practices; and


• putting a value on your time and invoicing your doctor for an unreasonably long wait.

I took a deposition a few days ago that underlined for me why we need to have public report cards on primary care doctors so that patients can separate the mediocre practitioners from the really good ones. I wrote an article explaining the idea. Read my entire piece on Huffington Post, which I called "One Good Reason to Get Mad About Health Care."

The first step in making sure you have a qualified primary care doctor is to check the doctor's board certification credentials. Tragically, Michael Jackson must not have done that, and it may have played a role in his fatal cardiac arrest. The pop singer had a non-board-certified cardiologist right on hand when he collapsed, but the doctor apparently lacked, or didn't use, basic resuscitation equipment. I give more details on this story in a blog entry I wrote for the Huffington Post.

In my book, "The Life You Save: Nine Steps to Finding the Best Medical Care -- and Avoiding the Worst," I spend a chapter talking about all the questions you need to ask to find a top primary care doctor. The very first question is the doctor's basic credentials, which are easily available online from organizations like the American Board of Internal Medicine, which certifies internists and a number of sub-specialties within internal medicine.

There's a new/old take on the importance of primary care doctors to obtaining the best quality medical care. It's called the medical home, and it doesn't mean house calls, but it does mean that the patient has a medical "home" -- a team of providers, led by a primary care doctor, who coordinate the patient's care and know everything that is going on with specialists, testing and followup.

This is new because it's being rejuvenated as a way to cut costs and get higher quality care; it's old because the term was coined by the American Academy of Pediatrics in 1967. Jane Brody reports on this in her personal health column in the New York Times.

The medical home concept is supported by all the medical societies who represent primary care doctors. Unfortunately, over the last few decades, insurance reimbursements have been slanted toward performance of tests and not the painstaking work of listening to the patient, thinking through the patient's problem, and recommending a course of care.

Getting a top primary care doctor is one of the "Necessary Nine" steps for quality care outlined in my book: "The Life You Save: Nine Steps to Finding the Best Medical Care -- and Avoiding the Worst."

It sounds like every patient's medical fantasy: Easy access to your doctor 24/7, same-day appointments, thorough and unrushed examinations, little to no time in the waiting room. The only downside is expense: To get this kind of personalized care from a primary doctor, you have to pay an annual fee, and forget about insurance covering it. And you will still need insurance to cover hospital stays and specialists.

Is this ultra-personalized health care, which is called "concierge medical practice," worth it? Many patients think so. Even those squeezed by the recession are often finding room in their budgets for the annual fee for a concierge doctor, even as they cut down on restaurant dinners and other non-essentials.

According to a report by Kevin Sack in the New York Times, leaders in the field of concierge care say they see no impact of the recession in the steady growth of their practices. Dropout rates from the practices are holding steady.

It's estimated there are about 5,000 concierge doctors in the United States, a small fraction of the 240,000 internal medicine doctors in the country. One of the largest groups is called MDVIP, which started in Florida and now has 300-plus physicians in its network. Each MDVIP doctor is limited to 600 patients, who have to pay an annual fee of $1,500 to $1,800. The limit on the number of patients lets the doctors see far fewer patients in a typical day.

The advantage for patients is having a medical expert on hand who knows your body intimately and can sometimes detect subtle danger signs before a full-blown crisis develops.

In his new book, The Life You Save: Nine Steps to Finding the Best Medical Care -- and Avoiding the Worst, finding a top primary care doctor is one of Patrick Malone's key "steps" to finding the best medical care. If it takes extra money to get that relationship, and you can afford it, signing up with a concierge medical practice can be money well spent.